Immigration

 

A time table for Immigration:

 

1786	The U.S. establishes first Native American reservation and policy of dealing with each tribe as an independent nation.	Native American
1790	The federal government requires two years of residency for naturalization	All Groups
1808	Congress bans importation of slaves.	African American
1816	The American Colonization Society forms—assists in repatriating free African Americans to a Liberian colony on the west coast of Africa.	African American
1819	Congress establishes reporting on immigration.	All Groups
1820	The Compromise of 1820 admits Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state and prohibits slavery in territories north of Missouri.	African American
1830	Congress passes the Removal Act, forcing Native Americans to settle in Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.	Native American
1838	Cherokee Indians forced on thousand-mile march to the established Indian Territory. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees die on this “Trail of Tears.”	Native American
1845	Potato crop fails in Ireland sparking the Potato Famine which kills one million and prompts almost 500,000 to immigrate to America over the next five years.	Irish
1848	The Mexican-American War ends: U.S. acquires additional territory and people under its jurisdiction.	Mexican
1849	The California Gold Rush sparks first mass immigration from China.	Chinese
1850	The Compromise of 1850 includes the Fugitive Slave Act, a law designed to assist in the recovery of runaway slaves by increasing federal officers and denying fugitive slaves a right to a jury trial.	African American
1857	Supreme Court’s Dred Scott Decision declares blacks are not U.S. citizens; rules 1820 Missouri Compromise’s ban on slavery in the territories unconstitutional.	African American
1860	Poland’s religious and economic conditions prompt immigration of approximately two million Poles by 1914.	Polish & Russian
1861	Abraham Lincoln takes the presidential oath of office. The Southern Confederacy ratifies a new Constitution and elects Jefferson Davis as the first Confederate president. The Civil War begins with Confederate soldiers firing upon Fort Sumter.	African American
1862	The Homestead Act of 1862 allows for any individual, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or country of origin, over the age of 21 or head of household to claim up to 160 acres of free land if they have lived on it for five years and made the required agricultural improvements.
	The Union Army permits black men to enlist as laborers, cooks, teamsters, and servants.	African American
1863	The Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery and permits African-American men to join the Union Army.	African American
1864	Congress legalizes the importation of contract laborers.
	Thousands of Navajo Indians endure the “Long Walk,” a three-hundred mile forced march from a Southwest Indian territory to Fort Sumner, New Mexico.	Native American
1868	The 14th Amendment of the Constitution endows African Americans with citizenship.	African American
	A clause in the 14th Amendment “excluding Indians not taxed” prevents Native-American men from receiving the right to vote.	Native American
	Japanese laborers arrive in Hawaii to work in sugar cane fields.	Japanese
1870	The 15th Amendment of the Constitution provides African-American males with the right to vote.	African American
1876	California Senate committee investigates the “social, moral, and political effect of Chinese immigration.”	Chinese
1877	United States Congress investigates the criminal influence of Chinese immigrants.	Chinese
1880	Italy’s troubled economy, crop failures, and political climate begin the start of mass immigration with nearly four million Italian immigrants arriving in the United States.	Italian
1881	The assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881 prompts civil unrest and economic instability throughout Russia.	Polish & Russian
1882	Russia’s May Laws severely restrict the ability of Jewish citizens to live and work in Russia. The country’s instability prompts more than three million Russians to immigrate to the United States over three decades.	Polish & Russian
	The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.	Chinese
1885	Congress bans the admission of contract laborers.
1887	The Dawes Act dissolves many Indian reservations in United States.	Native American
1889	Unoccupied lands in Oklahoma are made available to white settlers.	Native American
1896	The Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” accommodations for African Americans and whites are Constitutional. This decision allows for legalized segregation.	African American
1898	The Spanish-American War begins with a naval blockade of Cuba and attacks on the island. The four-month conflict ends with Cuba’s independence and the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
1900	Congress establishes a civil government in Puerto Rico and the Jones Act grants U.S. citizenship to island inhabitants. U.S. citizens can travel freely between the mainland and the island without a passport.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
1907	The United States and Japan form a “Gentleman’s Agreement” in which Japan ends issuance of passports to laborers and the U.S. agrees not to prohibit Japanese immigration.
1911	The Dillingham Commission identifies Mexican laborers as the best solution to the Southwest labor shortage. Mexicans are exempted from immigrant “head taxes” set in 1903 and 1907.	Mexican
1913	California’s Alien Land Law rules that aliens “ineligible to citizenship” were ineligible to own agricultural property.	Japanese
1917	The U.S. enters World War I and anti-German sentiment swells at home. The names of schools, foods, streets, towns, and even some families, are changed to sound less Germanic.	German
1922	The Supreme Court rules in Ozawa v. United States that first-generation Japanese are ineligible for citizenship and cannot apply for naturalization.	Japanese
1924	Immigration Act of 1924 establishes fixed quotas of national origin and eliminates Far East immigration.	Japanese
	President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill granting Native Americans full citizenship.	Native American
1929	Congress makes annual immigration quotas permanent.
1941	Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii galvanizes America’s war effort. More than 1,000 Japanese-American community leaders are incarcerated because of national security.	Japanese
	President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802, forbidding discrimination in federal hiring, job-training programs, and defense industries. The newly created Fair Employment Practices Commission investigates discrimination against black employees.	African American
1942	President Franklin Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, authorizing the building of “relocation camps” for Japanese Americans living along the Pacific Coast.	Japanese
	Congress allows for importation of agricultural workers from within North, Central, and South America. The Bracero Program allows Mexican laborers to work in the U.S.	Mexican
1943	The Magnuson Act of 1943 repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, establishes quotas for Chinese immigrants, and makes them eligible for U.S. citizenship.	Chinese
1945	The War Bride Act and the G.I. Fiancées Act allows immigration of foreign-born wives, fiancé(e)s, husbands, and children of U.S. armed forces personnel.	Chinese
1948	The Supreme Court rules that California’s Alien Land Laws prohibiting the ownership of agricultural property violates the Constitution’s 14th Amendment.	Japanese
	The United States admits persons fleeing persecution in their native lands; allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within two years.
1950	Bureau of Indian Affairs terminates federal services for Native Americans in lieu of state supervision.	Native American
1952	The Immigration and Nationality Act allows individuals of all races to be eligible for naturalization. The act also reaffirms national origins quota system, limits immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere while leaving the Western Hemisphere unrestricted, establishes preferences for skilled workers and relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens; and tightens security and screening standards and procedures.
	The Bureau of Indian Affairs begins selling 1.6 million acres of Native American land to developers.	Native American
1953	Congress amends the 1948 refugee policy to allow for the admission of 200,000 more refugees.
1954	The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education that “separate but equal” educational facilities are unconstitutional.	African American
1959	Fidel Castro’s Cuban revolution prompts mass exodus of more than 200,000 people within three years.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
1961	The Cuban Refugee Program handles influx of immigrants to Miami with 300,000 immigrants relocated across the U.S. during the next two decades.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
1964	The Civil Rights Acts ensures voting rights and prohibits housing discrimination.	African American
1965	The Immigration Act of 1965 abolishes quota system in favor of quota systems with 20,000 immigrants per country limits. Preference is given to immediate families of immigrants and skilled workers.	Chinese
	“Freedom flight” airlifts begin for Cuban refugees assisting more than 260,000 people over the next eight years.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
	The Bracero Program ends after temporarily employing almost 4.5 million Mexican nationals.	Mexican
1966	The Cuban Refugee Act permits more than 400,000 people to enter the United States.	Cuban & Puerto Rican
1980	The Refugee Act redefines criteria and procedures for admitting refugees.
1986	The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) legalizes illegal aliens residing in the U.S. unlawfully since 1982.
1988	The Civil Liberties Act provides compensation of $20,000 and a presidential apology to all Japanese-American survivors of the World War II internment camps.	Japanese
2001	A memorial honoring Japanese-American veterans and detainees opens on the edge of the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C.

 

Naturalization & Citizenship

Source: United States Congress, “An act to establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization”, March 26, 1790. First Congress, Session 2, Chapter 3, page 103.

"Chap. III. - An Act to establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization.(a)
Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any alien, being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof, on application to any common law court of record, in any one of the states wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least, and making proof to the satisfaction of such court, that he is a person of good character, and taking the oath or affirmation prescribed by law, to support the constitution of the United States, which oath or affirmation such court shall administer; and the clerk of such court shall record such application, and the proceedings thereon; and thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the United States. And the children of such persons so naturalized, dwelling within the United States, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of such naturalization, shall also be considered as citizens of the United States. And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: Provided also, That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed.(a)
Approved, March 26, 1790.

(a) The power of naturalization is exclusively in Congress. Chirac v. Chirac, 2 Wheat. 259; 4 Cond. Rep. 111.
A naturalized citizen, who in time of peace, returns to his native country for the purpose of trade, but with the intention of returning again to his adopted country, continuing in the former, a year after the was between the two countries, for the purpose of winding up his business, engaging in no new commercial transactions with the enemy, and then returning to his adopted country, has gained a domicil in his native country, and his goods are subject to condemnation. The Frances, 8 Cranch, 335; 3 Cond. Rep. 154.
The various acts on the subject of naturalization submit the decision upon the right of aliens to courts of record. They are to receive testimony; to compare it with the law; and to judge on both law and fact. If their judgment is entered on record in legal form, it closes all inquiry, and like other judgments, is complete evidence of its own validity. Spratt v. Spratt, 4 Peters, 393.
It need not appear by the record of naturalization, that all the requisites presented by law, for the admission of aliens to the rights of citizenship, have been complied with. Starke v. The Chesapeake Ins. Comp., 7 Cranch, 420; 2 Cond. Rep. 556.
A certificate by a competent court, that an alien has taken the oath prescribed by the act respecting naturalization, raises the presumption that the court was satisfied as to the moral character of the alien, and of his attachment to the principles of the constitution of the United States. The oath when taken, confers the rights of a citizen. It is not necessary that there should be an order of court admitting him to be a citizen.
The children of persons duly naturalized before the 14th of April, 1802, being under age at the time of the naturalization of their parent, were, if dwelling in the United States on the 14th of April, 1802, to be considered as citizens of the United States. Campbell v. Gordon, 6 Cranch, 176; 2 Cond. Rep. 342. See also ex parte Newman, 2 Gallis' C.C.R. 11; Peter's C.C.R. 457."